ju literally means softness and gentleness. A classic description of the meaning is as follows:

• Like the willow tree which bends before the fury of the tempest, so that at the end, its flexible branches remain unbroken, whereas the rigid oak tree is broken or uprooted.

Sometimes the principle is misunderstood as complete non-resistance. But it should be noted that the willow tree does use some strength, in that it keeps its roots firm - tai-sabaki.

In Judo, force is not directly resisted, but there is an indirect resistance which is based on balance, skill and strategy - kaeshi-waza (counter technique, etc.).

'Do' is interpreted as system, way, method, or style. The objective of the sport of judo is spiritual development, physical fitness and self-defense, plus unselfish regard for others, which is necessary in our modern life. Eventually, all societies and nations can benefit from the ideals of judo's mottos - 'Jita-Kiyoe' (Mutual benefit) and 'Sieryoku-Zenyo' (Maximum efficiency with minimum effort).

The place where judo is taught and practiced is called a 'dojo'. Indirectly translated from the Japanese language, it means 'hall of the temple' - gymnasium. The dojo should be a place of dignity and cleanliness. It should have the proper sanitation, lighting, ventilation, first aid facilities and equipment, and tatami or other suitable mats. Since judo is truly a contact sport, which includes throwing, grappling, choking, arm locks and atemi-waza (assaulting techniques), the rules and regulations of judo should be rigidly enforced to ensure sporting harmony. All well-organized dojo are run according to these rules.

One of the most important and practical reasons for dojo rules and judo etiquette is safety. It must be emphasized that everything done in a dojo is based on 'safety first'. Other good reasons for strict rules and good dojo manners are efficiency and courtesy. Courtesy is the mark of a well-trained judo student. Courteous conduct begins in the dojo but it must continue as a part of every judoka's daily habits. Courtesy should never be thought of as something that is merely 'turned on' during dojo hours.

The National Coaching Certification Program endorses the concept of fair play. Fair play has always been the basis of judo; judo requires cooperation and working together. Respect for one's opponents and officials is important, if judoka try their best to compete and practice following the rules, the 'mutual benefit' of judo can be attained.

Through the study of judo, judoka learn:

• Respect
• Discipline
• Responsibility
• Self confidence
• Self defense